FDA建议并鼓励宠物食品制造商和供应链中的其他公司采取几种做法，以显著减少或防止 H5N1 通过动物性食品的传播。
近日，美国食品药品监督管理局 （FDA） 发布消息称，要求受 FDA 食品安全现代化法案 （FSMA） 动物食品预防控制规则（PCAF） 约束的宠物食品制造商重新分析其食品安全计划，以应对 H5N1（一种高致病性禽流感毒株）。该要求适用于在猫粮和狗粮中使用未煮熟或未经巴氏消毒的成分（例如肉、奶或家禽或牛的蛋）的制造商。
此更新是在加利福尼亚州、俄勒冈州、华盛顿州和科罗拉多州等州最近在家猫和野猫中发生的 H5N1 病例之后发布的，这些病例与食用受污染的食品有关。FDA表示，自2022年至今，美国各地已向美国农业部动植物卫生检验局报告了 74 例家猫禽流感确诊病例。其中多例家猫因 H5N1 而患上严重疾病或死亡。
根据 PCAF 要求，当 FDA 确定有必要应对新的危害和科学认识的发展时，动物食品企业必须对其食品安全计划进行重新分析。目前，美国食品和药物管理局已确定将H5N1列为新的已知或合理可预见的危害。
FDA表示，PCAF规则所涵盖的猫粮和狗粮制造商，如果在猫粮或狗粮中使用来自家禽或牛的未煮熟或未经巴氏消毒的材料，有必要重新分析其食品安全计划，并通过纳入最新的科学发现并解决 H5N1 通过宠物食品传播的风险。
FDA建议并鼓励宠物食品制造商和供应链中的其他公司采取几种做法，以显著减少或防止 H5N1 通过动物性食品的传播。这些做法包括仅从确认健康的羊群或牛群中寻找成分，并采取能够灭活病毒的加工步骤，例如热处理。一些企业已经实施了能够灭活病毒的热处理步骤作为过程控制。热处理已被证明可有效灭活肉类、奶类和蛋制品中的 H5N1。另一种做法是建立供应链应用的控制措施，以验证并确保宠物食品中使用的成分未经 H5N1 感染。
FDA还同步提供了有助于排除安全风险和隐患的的科学文献参考，主要内容涉及 H5N1 在牛和家禽及其动物源性成分中的流行率， 猫和狗 H5N1 疾病或伤害的严重程度，以及加工步骤对灭活 H5N1 的影响等等。具体内容如下：
Prevalence of H5N1 in Cattle/Poultry and Animal-Derived Ingredients（H5N1 在牛/家禽和动物源性成分中的流行率）
Burrough, E. R., Magstadt, D. R., Petersen, B., Timmermans, S. J., Gauger, P. C., Zhang, J., Siepker, C., Mainenti, M., Li, G., Thompson, A. C., Gorden, P. J., Plummer, P. J., & Main, R. (2024). Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Domestic Dairy Cattle and Cats, United States, 2024. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(7). https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3007.240508External Link Disclaimer
Singh, G., Trujillo, J. D., McDowell, C. D., Matias-Ferreyra, F., Kafle, S., Kwon, T., Gaudreault, N. N., Fitz, I., Noll, L., Retallick, J., & Richt, J. A. (2024). Detection and characterization of H5N1 HPAIV in environmental samples from a dairy farm. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4422494/v1External Link Disclaimer
CDC 2024, Center for Disease Control, CDC Reports Fourth Human Case of H5 Bird Flu Tied to Dairy Cow Outbreak, CDC Reports Fourth Human Case of H5 Bird Flu Tied to Dairy Cow Outbreak, Accessed December 4, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/situation-summary/index.html
Sreenivasan, Thomas, Kaushik, Wang, & Li. (2019). Influenza A in Bovine Species: A Narrative Literature Review. Viruses, 11(6), 561. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11060561External Link Disclaimer
USDA 2024, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, HPAI Confirmed Cases in Livestock, Accessed December 4, 2024, https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/hpai-confirmed-cases-livestock
H5N1 Susceptibility and Severity in Companion Animals（伴侣动物的 H5N1 易感性和严重程度）
Burrough, E. R., Magstadt, D. R., Petersen, B., Timmermans, S. J., Gauger, P. C., Zhang, J., Siepker, C., Mainenti, M., Li, G., Thompson, A. C., Gorden, P. J., Plummer, P. J., & Main, R. (2024). Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Domestic Dairy Cattle and Cats, United States, 2024. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(7). https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3007.240508External Link Disclaimer
Chen, Y., Zhong, G., Wang, G., Deng, G., Li, Y., Shi, J., Zhang, Z., Guan, Y., Jiang, Y., Bu, Z., Kawaoka, Y., & Chen, H. (2010). Dogs are highly susceptible to H5N1 avian influenza virus. Virology, 405(1), 15–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2010.05.024External Link Disclaimer
Frymus, T., Belák, S., Egberink, H., Hofmann-Lehmann, R., Marsilio, F., Addie, D. D., Boucraut-Baralon, C., Hartmann, K., Lloret, A., Lutz, H., Pennisi, M. G., Thiry, E., Truyen, U., Tasker, S., Möstl, K., & Hosie, M. J. (2021). Influenza Virus Infections in Cats. Viruses, 13(8), 1435. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13081435External Link Disclaimer
Giese, M., Harder, T. C., Teifke, J. P., Klopfleisch, R., Breithaupt, A., Mettenleiter, T. C., & Vahlenkamp, T. W. (2008). Experimental Infection and Natural Contact Exposure of Dogs with Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1). Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(2), 308–310. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1402.070864External Link Disclaimer
Kim, H. M., Park, E. H., Yum, J., Kim, H. S., & Seo, S. H. (2015). Greater virulence of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in cats than in dogs. Archives of Virology, 160(1), 305–313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-014-2284-zExternal Link Disclaimer
Ly, H. (2024). Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus infection of companion animals. Virulence, 15(1), 2289780. https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2023.2289780External Link Disclaimer
Lyoo, K. S., Na, W., Phan, L. V., Yoon, S. W., Yeom, M., Song, D., & Jeong, D. G. (2017). Experimental infection of clade 1.1.2 (H5N1), clade 2.3.2.1c (H5N1) and clade 2.3.4.4 (H5N6) highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in dogs. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 64(6), 1669–1675. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12731External Link Disclaimer
Maas, R., Tacken, M., Ruuls, L., Koch, G., Van Rooij, E., & Stockhofe-Zurwieden, N. (2007). Avian Influenza (H5N1) Susceptibility and Receptors in Dogs. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(8), 1219–1221. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1308.070393External Link Disclaimer
Ning, Z.-Y., Wu, X.-T., Cheng, Y.-F., Qi, W.-B., An, Y.-F., Wang, H., Zhang, G.-H., & Li, S.-J. (2012). Tissue distribution of sialic acid-linked influenza virus receptors in beagle dogs. Journal of Veterinary Science, 13(3), 219. https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2012.13.3.219External Link Disclaimer
Palombieri, A., Di Profio, F., Fruci, P., Sarchese, V., Martella, V., Marsilio, F., & Di Martino, B. (2022). Emerging Respiratory Viruses of Cats. Viruses, 14(4), 663. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14040663External Link Disclaimer
Rabalski, L., Milewska, A., Pohlmann, A., Gackowska, K., Lepionka, T., Szczepaniak, K., Swiatalska, A., Sieminska, I., Arent, Z., Beer, M., Koopmans, M., Grzybek, M., & Pyrc, K. (2023). Emergence and potential transmission route of avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in domestic cats in Poland, June 2023. Eurosurveillance, 28(31). https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.31.2300390External Link Disclaimer
Sillman, S. J., Drozd, M., Loy, D., & Harris, S. P. (2023). Naturally occurring highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b infection in three domestic cats in North America during 2023. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 205, 17–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2023.07.001External Link Disclaimer
Songserm, T., Amonsin, A., Jam-on, R., Sae-Heng, N., Pariyothorn, N., Payungporn, S., Theamboonlers, A., Chutinimitkul, S., Thanawongnuwech, R., & Poovorawan, Y. (2006). Fatal Avian Influenza A H5N1 in a Dog. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12(11), 1744–1747. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1211.060542External Link Disclaimer
Vahlenkamp, T. W., Teifke, J. P., Harder, T. C., Beer, M., & Mettenleiter, T. C. (2010). Systemic influenza virus H5N1 infection in cats after gastrointestinal exposure. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, 4(6), 379–386. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00173.xExternal Link Disclaimer
Inactivation of H5N1 by Processing Steps（通过处理步骤灭活 H5N1）
Cui, P., Zhuang, Y., Zhang, Y., Chen, L., Chen, P., Li, J., Feng, L., Chen, Q., Meng, F., Yang, H., Jiang, Y., Deng, G., Shi, J., Chen, H., & Kong, H. (2024). Does pasteurization inactivate bird flu virus in milk?: Pasteurization inactivates influenza A viruses in milk. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 2364732. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2024.2364732External Link Disclaimer
FDA, 2024: Food and Drug Administration, FDA Website, Updates on Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) | FDA, June 12 letter, Accessed on June 13, 2024, Updates on Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) | FDA
Guan, L., Eisfeld, A. J., Pattinson, D., Gu, C., Biswas, A., Maemura, T., Trifkovic, S., Babujee, L., Presler, R., Dahn, R., Halfmann, P. J., Barnhardt, T., Neumann, G., Thompson, A., Swinford, A. K., Dimitrov, K. M., Poulsen, K., & Kawaoka, Y. (2024). Cow’s Milk Containing Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus—Heat Inactivation and Infectivity in Mice. New England Journal of Medicine, NEJMc2405495. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2405495External Link Disclaimer
Spackman, E., Anderson, N., Walker, S., Suarez, D. L., Jones, D. R., McCoig, A., Colonius, T., Roddy, T., & Chaplinski, N. J. (2024). Inactivation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus with High-temperature Short Time Continuous Flow Pasteurization and Virus Detection in Bulk Milk Tanks. Journal of Food Protection, 87(10), 100349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100349External Link Disclaimer
Eggs
Chmielewski, R. A., Beck, J. R., & Swayne, D. E. (2013). Evaluation of the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Egg Pasteurization Processes on the Inactivation of High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus and Velogenic Newcastle Disease Virus in Processed Egg Products. Journal of Food Protection, 76(4), 640–645. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-369External Link Disclaimer
Green, A. L., Branan, M., Fields, V. L., Patyk, K., Kolar, S. K., Beam, A., Marshall, K., McGuigan, R., Vuolo, M., Freifeld, A., Torchetti, M. K., Lantz, K., & Delgado, A. H. (2023). Investigation of risk factors for introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus onto table egg farms in the United States, 2022: A case–control study. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10, 1229008. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1229008External Link Disclaimer
Kintz, E., Trzaska, W. J., Pegg, E., Perry, W., Tucker, A. W., Kyriakides, A., Antic, D., Callaghan, K., & Wilson, A. J. (2024). The risk of acquiring avian influenza from commercial poultry products and hen eggs: A qualitative assessment. Microbial Risk Analysis, 27–28, 100317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mran.2024.100317External Link Disclaimer
Weaver, J. T., Malladi, S., Spackman, E., & Swayne, D. E. (2015). Risk Reduction Modeling of High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Titers in Nonpasteurized Liquid Egg Obtained from Infected but Undetected Chicken Flocks. Risk Analysis, 35(11), 2057–2068.
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